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According to reports from last weekend’s multilateral negotiations with Iran in Istanbul [April 13-14], the assembled diplomats agreed on two points:
- The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty forms a basis for engagement, which means Iran will not develop nuclear weapons and the five permanent members of the UN Security Council plus Germany — the so-called P5+1 — should respect Iran’s right to the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
- The two sides will meet in Baghdad on May 23, preceded by a preparatory meeting of deputies.
These items may not seem like much, but it’s always worth noting when Iran and a group that includes the United States can agree on anything. Deep hostility and mistrust on both sides have made reaching agreement on even the basics very difficult. The reason for this is simple: both sides expect failure and go into the meetings convinced that the other’s purpose is to deceive.
“No” is expected, and “yes” is a problem; as the reasoning goes, “Why would they agree to anything that didn’t cheat us?”
So Iran and the P5+1 have found two “yessables.” Now what? Will this achievement — modest as it may appear — help Iran and the United States move away from more than three decades of futile exchanges of threats, insults and accusations? Will American and Iranian officials finally begin talking to each other, if not as friends, at least as representatives of two states with interests that need discussing?
The precedents are not good. Previous efforts to end this quandary have foundered on bad timing, suspicion, misreading and just bad luck.
More than three years into US President Barack Obama’s term, there is little to show for his offers of engagement with Iran based on mutual respect — something the leaders of the Islamic Republic have always insisted they wanted. In that time, there has been only one high-level one-on-one meeting between Iranian and American officials (in Geneva in October of 2009). In the last two encounters with the P5+1, the Iranian representative has deliberately avoided meeting his American counterpart. One can only ask, “What is he afraid of?” Both Bill Burns and Wendy Sherman — the chief US interlocutors for Iran over the past few years — are thorough professionals and not known for bullying and threats.
On the US side, it is time to learn from the example of the late president Richard Nixon. Before he made his historic visit to China in February 1972, Nixon wrote two lists on a yellow legal pad: “what we want” and “what they want.”
The exercise sounds simple, but it is not. Knowing what the other side really wants — as distinguished from what it may say it wants — is never easy. In the case of Iran, 32 years of estrangement and mutual hostility makes the effort even more challenging.
If asked directly, the Islamic Republic will say it wants “its rights” or “justice,” without further elaboration. Such objectives do not fit easily into a yellow-pad list.
Even one’s own goals are not always obvious. There is uncertainty, for example, in the case of the economic and financial sanctions against Iran, which, we are told, both “cripple” and “bite.” But what is their purpose? Depending on the context and the speaker, the goals may be:
- Persuade the Iranians to accept the president’s offer of engagement based on mutual respect, which they could do by negotiating seriously on nuclear and other issues.
- Weaken the Iranian economy so that the government is forced to accept terms dictated by outside powers.
- Undermine the Iranian economy in order to bring down the government of the Islamic Republic entirely.
We are sometimes told that the sanctions are working. But working to which of the above ends? As the saying goes, if you don’t know where you are going, then any road will get you there.
A good starting point for the yellow-pad list might be the May 2003 proposal for comprehensive bilateral talks. In that proposal, which was ignored by the George W. Bush administration in the flush of an apparent easy military victory in Iraq, the Iranians put these items on their agenda:
- End US interference in Iran’s internal and external affairs.
- Remove Iran from the list of state sponsors of terrorism.
- Abolish economic and financial sanctions.
- Return frozen Iranian assets.
- Provide full access to peaceful nuclear and other technologies.
- Recognize Iran’s legitimate security interests in the region.
- Respect Iran’s national interests in Iraq, including links to Shia holy sites.
- Pursue anti-Iranian terrorists, particularly the MEK/MKO.
On the “what we want” side, I would propose the following (incomplete) list:
- Ensure the peaceful nature of Iran’s nuclear program in accordance with international standards.
- Take action against terrorists on Iranian territory.
- Support stabilization in Iraq and Afghanistan.
- End material support to Palestinian groups that reject a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli dispute.
- Observe international standards for human rights and end interference with international communications.
- End hateful anti-American and anti-Israeli rhetoric.
- Agree to an American diplomatic presence in Tehran with guarantees for the security of personnel.
The above is just a beginning, and there are no guarantees of success. Decades of chest-thumping on both sides have taken their toll, and both sides will level accusations of deceit, bad faith and “playing for time.” The lesson of Istanbul, however, may be that one can say “yes” and the sky will not fall. Such is a modest beginning, but it is still represents progress from the stalemates of the last 32 years.
John Limbert is professor of Middle Eastern Studies at the US Naval Academy and a retired diplomat with long experience involving Iran, most recently as Deputy Secretary of State for Iran.
