“Bread, Freedom, Social Justice” — these were the three demands that constituted the pillars of the Jan. 25, 2011, revolution in Egypt. In its wake, the Egyptians wanted to build a democratic society free of corruption, where the personal interests of officials were not prioritized over the public interests of citizens.

Today, a question poses itself, “Have corruption rates changed in the various Egyptian institutions since the revolution?”

At first, Osama Diab, a researcher in the anti-corruption department in the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights Center, told Al-Monitor, “Corruption is defined as the misuse of public power for private benefit.” He asserted that it is almost impossible to measure the extent of corruption in any sector in Egypt due to the lack of transparency in state institutions.

The Transparency International (TI) report classified Egypt 98th out of 178 states in 2010 in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). On a scale of 100 to 0 (0 being very corrupt and 100 clean), Egypt scored 31 on the corruption scale, while its ranking declined to 112th with 29 points in 2011. In 2012 and 2013, Egypt scored 32 on the scale of corruption, while in 2014, it scored 37.