Erdogan's reforms meant to educate 'pious generation'

When a friend first voiced concerns over changes in Turkey’s educational system a couple of years ago, I didn’t take it very seriously. My friend, who had a son in primary school, argued that the changes were all aimed at installing a religious education. In 2012, the government introduced a 12-year, compulsory education system with four-year phases of primary, secondary and high school, replacing the old system where compulsory education consisted of five years of primary and three years of secondary school. My friend argued that the overhaul was designed to subject children to religious education at an earlier age. I thought he was exaggerating and being paranoid. But two years on, looking at the combined effect of developments since then, I see that my friend’s concerns were not paranoia, but an early warning.

The new school system — widely known as the “4+4+4 system” — might have seemed to have nothing to do with religion at first glance, but one of its main motivations appears to have been the opening of secondary sections in the imam-hatip (vocational schools to educate imams and preachers) schools, which offer full-fledged Islamic education. Those schools were previously limited to high-school level. Today, children can be enrolled in an imam-hatip school right after they complete four years of primary education. As their names suggest, the schools’ purpose is to train Muslim clergy. Yet, many students with no intention of becoming imams are sent to those schools by pious, conservative parents eager to give their offspring a sound religious education. Thus, the government’s introduction of secondary sections in the religious schools might be seen as a public service intended for families seeking better religious education for their children.

However, other fundamental changes the government enacted this year transformed the religious schools from a selective option to a central institution in the education system.

In the old system, students would sit exams only for admission in certain private colleges and vocational schools, while enrollment in a “regular” secondary or high school would be conditioned only on the number of vacancies a given school had. Today, the “regular” schools are being eradicated from the education system. School admissions will be determined through a centralized exam held by the Education Ministry. Students will have to choose from alternatives such as vocational, multi-program or private schools and get certain scores at the exam to win admission. Those who are unwilling to sit for the exam or fail to score the points required for the school of their choice will be left with only one option: the imam-hatip schools. That is, under the new system the government installed, the religious schools are the only one to admit students without an exam. An interesting coincidence, isn’t it?